What used to be a fragmented set of national practices is evolving into a continent-wide framework where automatic information exchange, stricter reporting and national tax divergences all converge.

Spain has become one of the most demanding jurisdictions in Europe regarding the reporting and taxation of virtual currencies. For expatriates residing in the country, understanding these rules is not optional

As global interest in digital assets continues to surge, regulatory clarity is emerging as a key competitive advantage. The United States and the European Union are now defining the legal landscape through two distinct but transformative frameworks: the GENIUS Act and the MiCA Regulation.