The message from the Spanish Tax Agency is clear: all crypto transactions are taxable, regardless of whether they are carried out in euros or between cryptocurrencies, and whether by individuals or companies.

What used to be a fragmented set of national practices is evolving into a continent-wide framework where automatic information exchange, stricter reporting and national tax divergences all converge.

Spain has become one of the most demanding jurisdictions in Europe regarding the reporting and taxation of virtual currencies. For expatriates residing in the country, understanding these rules is not optional